Chi-Square Test for Association using SPSS

Objective

The Chi-Square test for independence, also called Pearson's Chi-square test or the Chi-square test of association is used to discover if there is a relationship between two categorical variables. It is also known as “Goodness of fits”

Example :

An educator would like to know whether gender (male/female) is associated with the preferred type of learning medium (online vs. books). We therefore have two nominal variables: Gender(male/female) and Preferred Learning Medium (online/books).

Assumptions

Two variables that are ordinal or nominal (categorical data).

There are two or more groups in each variable.

Requirement

•The Sample was randomly drawn from Population. Then we can generalize outcome from sample to Population

•Values for the variable are mutually exclusive

•Minimum expectation of 5 occurrence in each category 

Surveyed Description 

•Suppose that we surveyed 20 student whether they work

•The Sample is randomly drawn from population

•We have a questionnaire

•Do you work  (excepted result either Yes or No). These values are mutually exclusive.

Null Hypothesis

• There is no difference in expected frequency in each category
• Frequency of “Yes” is equal to Frequency of “No”. Excepted frequency are equal

Research Hypothesis

•In our survey shows that frequency of “Yes” and “No” are not equal.

•The observed Frequency will be different then that excepted by Null Hypothesis.

Descriptive Statistics

	Observed	Excepted	Residual
Yes	16	10	6
No	4	10	-6
Total	20

Inferential Statistics 

	Do you work
Chi-Square	7.200
Df	1
Significance Values	0.07

 Test Procedure in SPSS

•Click Analyze > Descriptives Statistics > Crosstabs... on the to menu as shown below: